white lotus rebellion

Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Szczepanski, Kallie. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. //]]>. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. . In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Imperial Mistakes - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Corrections? The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Update now. Grandmother. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. "White Lotus Rebellion View original page. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. At the . A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. "Tianlijiao ", in. [citation needed]. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? 22 Feb. 2023 . ." The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. He simply and quietly disappeared. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. "White Lotus Rebellion France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. As one Qing official complained:[9]. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. id The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. ", Dai, Yingcong. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. ." How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Encyclopedia.com. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. "[5] "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering.

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